Wound microenvironment-responsive peptide hydrogel with multifunctionalities for accelerating wound healing.

The fabrication of wound microenvironment-responsive peptide hydrogels with hemostatic ability, antibacterial activity, and wound healing potential remains a challenge. Herein, we constructed a multifunctional dressing by inducing the self-assembly of a peptide (Pep-1) and water-soluble new methylene blue (NMB) through electrostatic interaction. The self-assembly mechanism was demonstrated using a combination of transmission electron microscopy, circular dichroism spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, Zeta potential, and rheological analysis. The Pep-1/NMB hydrogel also exhibited a faster drug release rate in wound acidic environment. Furthermore, when Pep-1/NMB was exposed to a 635 nm laser, its antibacterial ratios increased sharply to 95.3%, indicating remarkably improved antibacterial effects. The findings from the blood coagulation and hemostasis assay indicated that Pep-1/NMB effectively enhanced the speed of blood clotting in vitro and efficiently controlled hemorrhage in a mouse liver hemorrhage model. Meanwhile, hemolytic and cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that the hydrogel had excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility. Finally, the findings from the wound healing studies and H&E staining indicated that the Pep-1/NMB hydrogel had a significant impact on cell migration and wound repair. The results indicated that wound microenvironment-responsive Pep-1/NMB hydrogel had significant potential as a highly effective wound dressing platform, offering rapid hemostasis, antibacterial, and wound healing acceleration properties.

Proteomics-based Model for Predicting the Risk of Brain Metastasis in Patients with Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma carrying the EGFR Mutation.

Introduction: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation is common in Chinese patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Brain metastases (BMs) is high and associated with poor prognosis. Identification of EGFR-mutant patients at high risk of developing BMs is important to reduce or delay the incidence of BMs. Currently, there is no literature on the prediction and modeling of EGFR brain metastasis at the proteinomics level. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of BMs in postoperative recurrent LUAD with EGFR mutation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Tissue proteomic analysis was applied in the primary tumors of resected LUAD in this study using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To identify potential markers for predicting LUAD BM, comparative analyses were performed on different groups to evaluate proteins associated with high risk of BMs. Results: A combination of three potential marker proteins was found to discriminate well between distal metastasis (DM) and local recurrence (LR) of postoperative LUAD with EGFR mutation. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of significantly altered proteins between BM and non-BM (NBM) indicated that lipid metabolism and cell cycle-related pathways were involved in BMs of LUAD. And the enriched pathways correlated with BMs were found to be quite different in the comparison groups of postoperative adjuvant therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), and chemotherapy groups. Finally, we developed a random forest algorithm model with eight proteins (RRS1, CPT1A, DNM1, SRCAP, MLYCD, PCID2, IMPAD1 and FILIP1), which showed excellent predictive value (AUC: 0.9401) of BM in patients with LUAD harboring EGFR mutation. Conclusions: A predictive model based on protein markers was developed to accurately predict postoperative BM in operable LUAD harboring EGFR mutation.

Improvement of Carotenoids' Production by Increasing the Activity of Beta-Carotene Ketolase with Different Strategies.

Canthaxanthin is an important antioxidant with wide application prospects, and ß-carotene ketolase is the key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of canthaxanthin. However, the challenge for the soluble expression of ß-carotene ketolase is that it hinders the large-scale production of carotenoids such as canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. Hence, this study employed several strategies aiming to improve the soluble expression of ß-carotene ketolase and its activity, including selecting optimal expression vectors, screening induction temperatures, adding soluble expression tags, and adding a molecular chaperone. Results showed that all these strategies can improve the soluble expression and activity of ß-carotene ketolase in Escherichia coli. In particular, the production of soluble ß-carotene ketolase was increased 8 times, with a commercial molecular chaperon of pG-KJE8, leading to a 1.16-fold enhancement in the canthaxanthin production from ß-carotene. Interestingly, pG-KJE8 could also enhance the soluble expression of ß-carotene ketolase derived from eukaryotic microalgae. Further research showed that the production of canthaxanthin and echinenone was significantly improved by as many as 30.77 times when the pG-KJE8 was added, indicating the molecular chaperone performed differently among different ß-carotene ketolase. This study not only laid a foundation for further research on the improvement of ß-carotene ketolase activity but also provided new ideas for the improvement of carotenoid production.

Evaluating Modified Ultrasound-Guided Serratus Anterior Plane Block for Enhanced Postoperative Recovery in Thoracoscopic Lobectomy Patients.

BACKGROUND Thoracoscopic lobectomy is accompanied by intense trauma and pain due to impaired chest wall integrity. We aimed to introduce a modified ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block (MUG-SAPB) for postoperative analgesia in patients who underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy, and to determine whether it could effectively alleviate postoperative pain and improve recovery quality. MATERIAL AND METHODS Overall, 78 patients randomly received either combined MUG-SAPB (0.25% ropivacaine, 10 mg dexamethasone, 40 mL) with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) or received PCIA alone. The primary outcomes were visual analog scale (VAS) scores at rest and during movement at 4, 8, 12, 20, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively. The secondary outcomes included use of opioids during surgery, numbers of rescue analgesics (butorphanol), frequency of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), comfort score within 24 h postoperatively, and postoperative complications within 72 h. RESULTS Compared to the PCIA group, in the MUG-SAPB group, resting VAS scores at 4-24 h (P<0.05) and movement VAS scores at 4-12 h postoperatively (P<0.05) were lower; intraoperative use of sufentanil and frequency of PCA were less, and less rescue analgesia was used (P=0.02, P=0.04 and P=0.03, respectively). Patients in the MUG-SAPB group had faster first mobilization (P=0.04). The MUG-SAPB group had higher comfort scores than the PCIA group (P=0.03). None of the MUG-SAPB patients had any SAPB-related complications. CONCLUSIONS MUG-SAPB effectively relieved postoperative pain, reduced opioid consumption, and accelerated early ambulation in comparison with PCIA alone in patients who underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy.

5-Heptadecylresorcinol Ameliorates Obesity-Associated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Dysfunction through SIRT3-Mediated Mitophagy.

Skeletal muscle dysfunction caused by obesity is characterized by the decline in mitochondrial content and function. 5-Heptadecylresorcinol (AR-C17) is a specific bioactive component derived from whole wheat and rye, which has been evidenced to improve obesity-associated skeletal muscle dysregulation. However, the mechanism underlying its protective activity requires further exploration. Herein, we found that AR-C17 (5, 10, and 20 µM) intervention reversed PA-induced (0.5 mM) reduction in mitochondrial content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial energy metabolism in C2C12 cells. Meanwhile, AR-C17 evidently alleviated PA-mediated myotube mitochondrial dysfunction via elevating mitochondria autophagy flux and upregulating the expression level of autophagy-related protein, while this effect was abolished by an autophagy inhibitor (3-MA). Further analysis showed that SIRT3-FOXO3A-PINK-Parkin-mediated mitophagy was involved in the modulation of myocyte mitochondrial dysfunction by AR-C17. In addition, AR-C17 administration (30 and 150 mg/kg/day) significantly improved high-fat-diet-induced mitochondrial dysregulation in mice skeletal muscle tissue via SIRT3-dependent mitophagy. Our findings indicate that skeletal muscle cells are responsive to AR-C17, which improves myogenesis and mitophagy in vitro and in vivo.

Directed Neural Stem Cells Differentiation via Signal Communication with Ni-Zn Micromotors.

Neural stem cells (NSCs), with the capability of self-renewal, differentiation, and environment modulation, are considered promising for stroke, brain injury therapy, and neuron regeneration. Activation of endogenous NSCs, is attracting increasing research enthusiasm, which avoids immune rejection and ethical issues of exogenous cell transplantation. Yet, how to induce directed growth and differentiation in situ remain a major challenge. In this study, a pure water-driven Ni-Zn micromotor via a self-established electric-chemical field is proposed. The micromotors can be magnetically guided and precisely approach target NSCs. Through the electric-chemical field, bioelectrical signal exchange and communication with endogenous NSCs are allowed, thus allowing for regulated proliferation and directed neuron differentiation in vivo. Therefore, the Ni-Zn micromotor provides a platform for controlling cell fate via a self-established electrochemical field and targeted activation of endogenous NSCs.

Patching sulfur vacancies: A versatile approach for achieving ultrasensitive gas sensors based on transition metal dichalcogenides.

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) garner significant attention for their potential to create high-performance gas sensors. Despite their favorable properties such as tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, and large surface-to-volume ratio, the performance of TMDCs devices is compromised by sulfur vacancies, which reduce carrier mobility. To mitigate this issue, we propose a simple and universal approach for patching sulfur vacancies, wherein thiol groups are inserted to repair sulfur vacancies. The sulfur vacancy patching (SVP) approach is applied to fabricate a MoS2-based gas sensor using mechanical exfoliation and all-dry transfer methods, and the resulting 4-nitrothiophenol (4NTP) repaired molybdenum disulfide (4NTP-MoS2) is prepared via a sample solution process. Our results show that 4NTP-MoS2 exhibits higher response (increased by 200 %) to ppb-level NO2 with shorter response/recovery times (61/82 s) and better selectivity at 25 °C compared to pristine MoS2. Notably, the limit of detection (LOD) toward NO2 of 4NTP-MoS2 is 10 ppb. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and density functional theory (DFT) reveal that the improved gas sensing performance is mainly attributed to the 4NTP-induced n-doping effect on MoS2 and the corresponding increment of surface absorption energy to NO2. Additionally, our 4NTP-induced SVP approach is universal for enhancing gas sensing properties of other TMDCs, such as MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2.

Large-Area and Visible-Light-Driven Heterojunctions of In2O3/Graphene Built for ppb-Level Formaldehyde Detection at Room Temperature.

Achieving convenient and accurate detection of indoor ppb-level formaldehyde is an urgent requirement to ensure a healthy working and living environment for people. Herein, ultrasmall In2O3 nanorods and supramolecularly functionalized reduced graphene oxide are selected as hybrid components of visible-light-driven (VLD) heterojunctions to fabricate ppb-level formaldehyde (HCHO) gas sensors (named InAG sensors). Under 405 nm visible light illumination, the sensor exhibits an outstanding response toward ppb-level HCHO at room temperature, including the ultralow practical limit of detection (pLOD) of 5 ppb, high response (Ra/Rg = 2.4, 500 ppb), relatively short response/recovery time (119 s/179 s, 500 ppb), high selectivity, and long-term stability. The ultrasensitive room temperature HCHO-sensing property is derived from visible-light-driven and large-area heterojunctions between ultrasmall In2O3 nanorods and supramolecularly functionalized graphene nanosheets. The performance of the actual detection toward HCHO is evaluated in a 3 m3 test chamber, confirming the practicability and reliability of the InAG sensor. This work provides an effective strategy for the development of low-power-consumption ppb-level gas sensors.

Administration of combined spinal epidural anesthesia with ultrasound-assisted positioning in obese patients undergoing open hysterectomy: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Administration of combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) with traditional landmark-guided positioning can be challenging in patients with high body mass index (BMI). The popularization of ultrasound technology may effectively solve these problems. However, reports on the administration of CSEA ultrasound-assisted positioning in obese populations are relatively limited and have made inconsistent conclusions. We aimed to investigate the ability of ultrasound-assisted positioning to improve the success rate of CSEA in obese patients. METHODS: Overall, 118 adult women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 who scheduled to undergo open hysterectomy and received CSEA were recruited. Finally, 108 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to 2 groups: the ultrasound-assisted positioning group (group A) and traditional landmark-guided positioning group (group B). Ultrasound-assisted or landmark-guided positioning was employed to locate the puncture interspace before anesthesia. The primary outcomes were the success rate of first attempt and number of attempts. The secondary outcomes were the patient positioning accuracy, positioning time, CSEA operation time, patient-satisfaction scores, anesthesia characteristics, and complications of CSEA. RESULTS: The success rate of patient first puncture attempt in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (78.4% vs 52.9%, P = .007). The total number of punctures was lower in group A than that in groups B (average rank 44.54 vs 58.46, P = .005). Using ultrasound positioning as the gold standard, the accuracy of landmark-guided location was only 67%. Positioning time in croup A was longer in group A than that in group B (P = .004), while CSEA operation time spent in Group A was less than that in Group B (P < .001). Patient satisfaction score in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (P = .002). The successful puncture interspace in group A were more likely at L3-4 than that in group B (P = .02). CONCLUSION: The success rate of first puncture attempt and positioning accuracy in CSEA with ultrasound-assisted is significantly higher than those based on landmark-guided location in obese patients.

Efficacy of Intrapleural or Intrapericardial Injection of Single Bevacizumab in the Treatment of Lung Cancer-Mediated Malignant Effusion.

The usage of bevacizumab for malignant pleural effusion (MPE) or malignant pericardial effusion (MPCE) has attracted increasing interest from researchers, but the precise ways of bevacizumab administration remain unknown. Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with MPE or MPCE were enrolled in the study and treated with a low dose of single bevacizumab (100 mg) intrapleurally or intrapericardially injected after the drainage of the effusions. The Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS), efficacy, and safety of drug administration were used as evaluation parameters in this study. The results indicated that lung cancer-related symptoms were significantly improved following treatment, compared with symptoms before the treatment (LCSS, score 494 ± 78 vs. score 377 ± 77, mean ± SD) (P < 0.001). Malignant effusions were well controlled, and the median time to progression (TTP) was 91 days and 111 days in MPE and MPCE, respectively. In addition, no severe side effects were observed, except in one patient with mild dizziness. In summary, the low dose of single bevacizumab (100 mg) with intrapleural or intrapericardial injection is effective and safe in the treatment of lung cancer-mediated malignant effusion, rapidly improving the malignant effusion-related symptoms and quality of life in patients with NSCLC.

De novo analysis of bulk RNA-seq data at spatially resolved single-cell resolution.

Uncovering the tissue molecular architecture at single-cell resolution could help better understand organisms' biological and pathological processes. However, bulk RNA-seq can only measure gene expression in cell mixtures, without revealing the transcriptional heterogeneity and spatial patterns of single cells. Herein, we introduce Bulk2Space ( https://github.com/ZJUFanLab/bulk2space ), a deep learning framework-based spatial deconvolution algorithm that can simultaneously disclose the spatial and cellular heterogeneity of bulk RNA-seq data using existing single-cell and spatial transcriptomics references. The use of bulk transcriptomics to validate Bulk2Space unveils, in particular, the spatial variance of immune cells in different tumor regions, the molecular and spatial heterogeneity of tissues during inflammation-induced tumorigenesis, and spatial patterns of novel genes in different cell types. Moreover, Bulk2Space is utilized to perform spatial deconvolution analysis on bulk transcriptome data from two different mouse brain regions derived from our in-house developed sequencing approach termed Spatial-seq. We have not only reconstructed the hierarchical structure of the mouse isocortex but also further annotated cell types that were not identified by original methods in the mouse hypothalamus.

Bioactive Components in Whole Grains for the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function.

Skeletal muscle plays a primary role in metabolic health and physical performance. Conversely, skeletal muscle dysfunctions such as muscular dystrophy, atrophy and aging-related sarcopenia could lead to frailty, decreased independence and increased risk of hospitalization. Dietary intervention has become an effective approach to improving muscle health and function. Evidence shows that whole grains possess multiple health benefits compared with refined grains. Importantly, there is growing evidence demonstrating that bioactive substances derived from whole grains such as polyphenols, γ-oryzanol, ß-sitosterol, betaine, octacosanol, alkylresorcinols and ß-glucan could contribute to enhancing myogenesis, muscle mass and metabolic function. In this review, we discuss the potential role of whole-grain-derived bioactive components in the regulation of muscle function, emphasizing the underlying mechanisms by which these compounds regulate muscle biology. This work will contribute toward increasing awareness of nutraceutical supplementation of whole grain functional ingredients for the prevention and treatment of muscle dysfunctions.

Intratumor heterogeneity of driver mutations and TMB distribution in 30 early-stage LUAD patients with multiple lesions.

Background: Differentiating multiple pulmonary lesions as multiple primary lung cancer (MLC) or intra-pulmonary metastasis (IPM) is critical. Lung cancer also has a high genetic heterogeneity, which influenced the treatment strategy. Genetic information may aid in tracing lineage information on multiple lung lesions. This study applied comprehensive genomic profiling to decipher the intrinsic genetics of multiple lung lesions. Methods: Sixty-six lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) tumor lesions (FFEP) archived from 30 patients were included in this study. The 508 cancer-related genes were evaluated by targeted next-generation sequencing (MGI-seq 2000). Results: The study included a total of 30 LUADs (66 samples). The majority of tumors demonstrated intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Two hundred twenty-four mutations were detected by sequencing the 66 samples. We investigated the driver gene mutations of NSCLC patients with multiple lesions. EGFR was the most frequently (48/198) mutated driver gene. The codons in EGFR mainly affected by mutations were p.L858R (18/66 [27.3%]) and exon 19del (8/66 [12.1%]). In addition, additional driver genes were found, including TP53, BRAF, ERBB2, MET, and PIK3CA. We also found that the inter-component heterogeneity of different lesions and more than two different mutation types of EGFR were detected in seven patients with two lesions (P3, P10, P24, P25, P28, P29, and P30). The TMB values of different lesions in each patient were different in 26 patients (except P4, P5, P14, and P30). Conclusions: Comprehensive genomic profiling should be applied to distinguishing the nature of multiple lung lesions irrespective of radiologic and histologic diagnoses.

Knowledge-graph-based cell-cell communication inference for spatially resolved transcriptomic data with SpaTalk.

Spatially resolved transcriptomics provides genetic information in space toward elucidation of the spatial architecture in intact organs and the spatially resolved cell-cell communications mediating tissue homeostasis, development, and disease. To facilitate inference of spatially resolved cell-cell communications, we here present SpaTalk, which relies on a graph network and knowledge graph to model and score the ligand-receptor-target signaling network between spatially proximal cells by dissecting cell-type composition through a non-negative linear model and spatial mapping between single-cell transcriptomic and spatially resolved transcriptomic data. The benchmarked performance of SpaTalk on public single-cell spatial transcriptomic datasets is superior to that of existing inference methods. Then we apply SpaTalk to STARmap, Slide-seq, and 10X Visium data, revealing the in-depth communicative mechanisms underlying normal and disease tissues with spatial structure. SpaTalk can uncover spatially resolved cell-cell communications for single-cell and spot-based spatially resolved transcriptomic data universally, providing valuable insights into spatial inter-cellular tissue dynamics.

Preventing nausea and vomiting after gynecological laparoscopic surgery by patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with a naloxone admixture: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting are common side effects of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA). This study aimed to explore the inhibitory effect of a naloxone admixture on the incidence of sufentanil-induced postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). METHODS: A total of 132 Uyghur American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II patients scheduled to undergo elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery were recruited; among these, 120 patients were enrolled and randomly allocated into 4 groups: patients receiving PCIA but no naloxone were included in the control group (group A); patients receiving PCIA with a low-dose naloxone admixture at 0.2 µg·kg-1·h-1 were included in group B; patients receiving PCIA with naloxone admixture at 0.4 µg·kg-1·h-1 were included in group C; patients receiving PCIA with naloxone admixture at 0.6 µg·kg-1·h-1 were included in group D. All patients were administered sufentanil at 0.04 kg-1·h-1, butorphanol at 2 kg-1·h-1, and dexmedetomidine at 0.08 kg-1·h-1 using a PCIA device within 2 days of surgery. The occurrence of nausea and vomiting, visual analogue scores for pain intensity, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, pruritus, lethargy, respiratory depression, etc, was recorded at 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the PONV scores between the groups at 8, 12, and 24 hours after surgery (P < 0.01). At 8 and 12 hours, the score of group C/D was significantly lower than that of group A/B (P < 0.01). At 24 hours after surgery, the PONV score of group B/C/D was significantly lower than that of group A (P < 0.01). No significant difference was observed in the general data and visual analogue scores for postoperative pain between the 4 groups. CONCLUSION: Naloxone admixture administered at 0.4 to 0.6 µg·kg-1·h-1 can exert an effective inhibitory effect on the incidence and intensity of PONV in gynecological laparoscopic surgery.

Impact of high altitude on the incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism and its genetic susceptibility: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The effect of high-altitude (HA) on venous thromboembolism (VTE) and its mechanism remains ambiguous. To clarify this, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review to evaluate the incidence of VTE at HA and comparatively low altitude (LA) and figure out the intrinsic risk factors such as susceptibility genes of patients with VTE at HA. METHODS: We selected studies that explored the risk factors for HA and VTE by searching PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to analyze the impact of HA on VTE. All relevant studies before August 2021 were screened using the terms ([high altitude] OR [plateau] OR [mountain]) AND ([venous thromboembolism] OR [deep vein thrombosis] OR [pulmonary embolism]). Latest studies on the gene of HA-VTE patients were also summarized and analyzed. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were eventually assessed, and the overall numbers of subjects with and without VTE were 1475 and 286,926 respectively. The overall incidence of VTE, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in the HA group was significantly higher than that in the LA group (P < 0.01). The overall incidence of VTE, DVT and PE in the HA group was significantly higher than that in the LA group at 30 days post operation (P < 0.05, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). At 90 days post operation, incidence of VTE and PE in the HA group was higher than that in the LA group (P < 0.01and P < 0.01, respectively), but there was no difference in the incidence of DVT (P = 0.07). Regarding endogenous factors, the analysis of genes in patients with HA-VTE revealed numerous targeted genes such as ANG, ACE, lncRNA-LINC00 659/UXT-AS1 and GP4. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a significant association between HA and the overall incidence of VTE and that at 30/90 days post operation, indicating that HA may be a risk factor for VTE.

Hypoxia Acclimation Protects against Heart Failure Postacute Myocardial Infarction via Fundc1-Mediated Mitophagy.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is the main cause of heart failure (HF) postacute myocardial infarction (AMI). Hypoxia acclimation (HA) reduces efficiently the area of AMI caused by ischemia and/or reperfusion and delays HF. Here, we examined whether HA improves mitochondrial structure and function through the hypoxic autophagy receptor FUNDC1 to prevent HF post-AMI. Male adult mice were acclimated in a low-pressure hypoxic animal chamber (11% oxygen (O2)) for 8 h/day for 28 days, and then, an induced HF post-AMI model via left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation was structured to explore the efficacy and mechanism of HA. Our results showed that HA exposure can improve cardiac structure and function in mice with HF post-AMI and protected myocardial mitochondrial morphology and function. Further studies showed that HA increased the expression of Fundc1 protein and its associated mitophagy protein LC3 in myocardial tissue after infarction. We then established a cellular model of oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro, and knockdown of FUNDC1 attenuated the protective effect of HA exposed on cardiomyocyte mitochondria and increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, the protective effect of HA on HF post-AMI is achieved by regulating Fundc1-mediated mitophagy in myocardial tissue. FUNDC1-mediated mitophagy could be a promising strategy to treat cardiovascular diseases, including HF.

Exosomal microRNAs have great potential in the neurorestorative therapy for traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of brain impairment, resulting in acute neural impairment and chronic long-term disability worldwide. Until now, no therapeutics developed can improve the neurological recovery and clinical prognosis of TBI. Latest studies have indicated that the cell-based therapy can improve neurological recovery by promoting intrinsic neurogenesis and neurite growth after TBI in animal experiments and clinical researches. However, subsequent studies have further demonstrated that the benefits of cell-based therapy are mediated by exosomes released from the administered cells, and microRNAs (miRNAs) cargos in exosomes are largely responsible for the therapeutic effects. Moreover, accumulating studies have found that exosomal miRNAs not only play key roles in the pathophysiological process of TBI, but also act as prominent candidates for the neurorestorative therapy for TBI. These evidences indicate that exosomal miRNAs might have great potential in the neurorestorative therapy for TBI. In this review, we will discuss the latest advances about exosomal miRNAs in the brain and the role of exosomal miRNAs in the neurorestorative therapy for TBI. And, we will investigate the possible mechanisms of exosomal miRNAs therapy for TBI, as well as the opportunities and challenges in the translation of exosomal miRNAs therapy to clinical applications for TBI.

Disruption of rack1 suppresses SHH-type medulloblastoma formation in mice.

INTRODUCTION: Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant pediatric brain tumor that arises in the cerebellar granular neurons. Sonic Hedgehog subtype of MB (SHH-MB) is one of the major subtypes of MB in the clinic. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MB tumorigenesis are still not fully understood. AIMS: Our previous work demonstrated that the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (Rack1) is essential for SHH signaling activation in granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) during cerebellar development. To investigate the potential role of Rack1 in MB development, human MB tissue array and SHH-MB genetic mouse model were used to study the expression of function of Rack1 in MB pathogenesis. RESULTS: We found that the expression of Rack1 was significantly upregulated in the majority of human cerebellar MB tumors. Genetic ablation of Rack1 expression in SHH-MB tumor mice could significantly inhibit MB proliferation, reduce the tumor size, and prolong the survival of tumor rescue mice. Interestingly, neither apoptosis nor autophagy levels were affected in Rack1-deletion rescue mice compared to WT mice, but the expression of Gli1 and HDAC2 was significantly decreased suggesting the inactivation of SHH signaling pathway in rescue mice. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that Rack1 may serve as a potential candidate for the diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of MB, including SHH-MB.

High Tumor Mutation Burden and DNA Repair Gene Mutations are Associated with Primary Resistance to Crizotinib in ALK-Rearranged Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: About 20% of patients with ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) develop acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) during the first 6 months. This study aimed to examine the molecular mechanisms of early TKI resistance and prognosis in ALK-rearranged NSCLC. METHODS: Ten patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC were included: five who developed rapid resistance to crizotinib (progression-free survival (PFS) ≤3 months) and five who exhibited a good response to crizotinib (PFS ≥36 months). The tumor specimens were subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES). The validation cohort included 19 patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC who received crizotinib; targeted sequencing of 43 selected genes was performed. The effect of the TP53 G245S mutation on crizotinib sensitivity was tested in H3122 cells. RESULTS: Mutations in DNA repair-associated genes were identified in primary resistance to crizotinib. Patients with a poor response to crizotinib harbored a greater burden of somatic mutations than those with a good response [median somatic mutations, 136 (range, 72-180) vs 31 (range, 10-48)]. Compared with the patients carrying wild-type TP53 or TP53 exon 3 deletion, 29 patients with TP53 G245S mutation showed a shorter survival time (P < 0.05), with a median PFS of 3 (95% CI: 1.9-4.1) months and a median overall survival of 7 (95% CI: 3.4-10.5) months. TP53 mutation promoted the proliferation of EML4-ALK-rearranged H3122 cells by approximately 3 folds (P < 0.001). H3122 cells with TP53 mutant were more sensitive to crizotinib compared with control cells. CONCLUSION: A higher mutation burden and mutations in DNA repair gene, including TP53, were potentially associated with primary resistance to crizotinib in ALK-rearranged NSCLC. An immune-checkpoint inhibition strategy could be examined, which might overcome primary resistance to crizotinib in ALK-rearranged NSCLC.